• Ayaz-Kala - Ayaz Kala consists of three ancient desert fortresses (Ayaz Kala 1, 2, and 3), constructed between the 4th century BCE and the 7th century CE. These fortresses were integral to the ancient Khorezm civilization, which was significant along the early Silk Road routes.
• Fortress Toprak Kala - Toprak Kala, translating to “Earthen Fortress,” was a large fortified city established around the 1st–2nd century CE. Unlike Ayaz Kala, which was primarily defensive, Toprak Kala functioned as a royal residence and administrative hub for the Khorezmian rulers.
• Kyzyl Kala - Kyzyl Kala, meaning “Red Fortress,” is named for the reddish hue of its mud-brick walls. Dating back to the 1st–4th century CE, it served as a fortified residence or defensive structure linked to the nearby Toprak Kala.

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Kizil Kala was initially built during the Late Antique period, spanning the 1st to 4th centuries CE. It was later abandoned and reconstructed in the 12th-13th centuries, just before the Mongol invasions.

Ayaz Kala is among the most remarkable fortresses in the region. In reality, there are three fortresses grouped together on and around a prominent hill at the eastern end of the Sultan-Uiz-dahg range. This fortress served as a defense against nomadic raids. A gravel road leads to a small cluster of yurts, a tourist rest center that overlooks a shallow yet picturesque lake. The fort dates back to medieval times and was likely established during the Afrighid period, around the 7th to 8th centuries CE.

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